Journal: Experimental Neurobiology

Article Title: An Autopsy-proven Case-based Review of Autoimmune Encephalitis

doi: 10.5607/en23036

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A, B) At autopsy, the brain weight was 1290 gm and mild global atrophy was seen. (C, D) The circle of Willis showed severe atherosclerosis with luminal occlusion in more than 50% of the lumen, which is severity score 3 according to the vascular cognitive impairment neuropathological guidline (VCING) criteria. (E) Luxol fast blue stain section showed hyalinization of arterioles with perivascular dilatation and white matter rarefaction, compatible with small vessel disease (arteriolosclerosis). There were corpora amylacea in the white matter adjacent to arteriosclerotic vessels, suggesting parenchymal damage by arteriolosclerosis. (F) Immunohistochemical analysis with phosphorylated tau revealed positive neurofibrillary tangles, neuropil threads in the temporal lobe (Braak stage III/VI), as well as classic amyloid cored plaques (shown in the inlet) that were present in the whole neocortex, hippocampus, thalamus, amygdala, basal ganglia, and midbrain (Thal phase was 4/5). Therefore, the patient had an intermediate level of Alzheimer’s neuropathologic change by neuropathological National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer’s Association (NIA-AA) criteria (A3, B2, C2) (Under bar scale: D: 500 μm, E: 50 μm, F: 5 mm).

Article Snippet: The primary antibodies ( ) used in this study included NeuN (1:500, Millipore, Temecula, USA), synaptophysin (1:200, Novocastra, Neuwcastle, UK), GFAP (RTU, Ventana), Neurofilament (NF, 1:2000, DAKO, Glostrup, Denmark), CD3 (RTU, Ventana), CD8 (RTU, Ventana), CD20 (1:500, DAKO), CD68 (1:2000, DAKO), and TMEM119 (1:500, ABCAM, Bristol, UK), PD1, PDL-1 and stains for Luxol fast blue (LFB), myelin basic protein (MBP, 1:200, Cell Marque, Rocklin, US), aquaporin 4 (1:2000, Millipore), CMV (1:50, DAKO), and HSV (RTU, DAKO).

Techniques: Staining, Immunohistochemical staining

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: EXOSC8 mutations alter mRNA metabolism and cause hypomyelination with spinal muscular atrophy and cerebellar hypoplasia

doi: 10.1038/ncomms5287

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) exosc8 MO injected larvae were analyzed for expression of AU-rich mRNAs during 48 hpf by real-time PCR. At 16 hpf expression of mbp1 and plp1 was increased in embryos with an abnormal phenotype, with a similar increase in mbp2 observed at 24 hpf. Despite this initial increase, by 48 hpf there is a dramatic decrease in mbp1 and plp1 expression in larvae with a moderate and severe phenotype. Each bar or severity group at different timepoints represents a number of 15–20 embryos. Statistically significant changes ( P <0.05) are marked with *. Unpaired t -test was used for statistical analysis. Error bars represent s.d. of three experimental repeats. ( b ) Un-injected control larvae and exosc8 MO injected larvae were analyzed for myelination at 96 hpf. Larvae were stained with antibodies against the zebrafish MBP and against acetylated tubulin. Left column: overlay, MBP staining in red, acetylated tubulin staining in green; middle column: MBP staining; right column: acetylated tubulin. Top row: tail of control larva: motor axons in each somite are clearly visible and myelinated at 96 hpf. Second row: tail of MO injected larva with a moderate phenotype: the spinal cord is curved and has an irregular structure. Motor axons in the somites are either very short (arrowhead) and thin or missing completely and are not MBP-positive. Third row: un-injected control larva, posterior lateral line, intact myelin. Bottom row: exosc8 MO injected larva with moderate phenotype: the lateral line is present (green acetylated tubulin signal) but the myelination of its neurons is interrupted (arrowhead). Scale bar, 100 μm. ( c ) Myelin staining of the lateral line was studied in control un-injected and exosc8 MO injected zebrafish larvae at 4.5 dpf. Representative images of the analyzed embryos are shown on the top (scale bar, 0.25 mm) and transverse sections of the embryos are shown on the bottom. In the control larvae the myelinated lateral line is present at both sides (white arrowheads). However, no myelination of the lateral line was detected in the exosc8 MO injected larvae (white arrowheads). Higher magnifications are shown in the upper right hand corners. Scale bar, 100 μm. ( d ) Representative EM pictures of the myelin sheath at the lateral line in un-injected and exosc8 MO injected zebrafish larvae at 4 dpf. Black arrows indicate the myelin sheet around the axon. Scale bar, 500 μm.

Article Snippet: Immunohistochemistry was done following citrate (pH 6) and EDTA (pH 8) pre-treatment for 10 min. Immunohistochemistry was carried out on 5-μm sections with mouse monoclonal antibodies that recognize MBP (1:2000 SM194R, Covance, NJ, USA) and vimentin (1:5600 clone V9 Dako; Copenhagen, Denmark).

Techniques: Injection, Expressing, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Control, Staining

Journal: Magma (New York, N.Y.)

Article Title: Detection of axonal degeneration in a mouse model of Huntington’s disease: comparison between diffusion tensor imaging and anomalous diffusion metrics

doi: 10.1007/s10334-019-00742-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: Multi-cellular changes in the corpus callosum of the Huntington’s disease mice reveals increased white matter complexity. a Diagram showing coronal sections and histological regions of interest (ROIs in light blue) centered in the corpus callosum (CC) between the cortex (CCX) and the striatum. b Coronal sections centered in the corpus callosum showing changes in neuronal architecture and axonal orientation by endogenous expression. Yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) can be observed in the R6/2 mice (YFP, R6/2). Note an increase of axonal tortuosity in the R6/2 mice. Nuclear counterstaining with DAPI (Blue). Astrocyte proliferation is labeled by glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and can be observed in white matter (WM) in the HD mice. The amount of myelin basic protein (MBP)—a marker of oligodendrocyte function—is decreased in the HD mice. c Quantitative fluorescence analysis of white matter markers (YFP, GFAP, and MBP) in the corpus callosum of the R6/2 and WT mice (***p < 0.001) (n = 6 mice per group). AU Arbitrary Units. Scale bar = 10 μm

Article Snippet: Sections were incubated with TBS containing primary antibodies recognizing myelin basic protein (MBP; PhosphoSolution, Cat #1120-MBP 1:500 Aurora, CO, USA) or the astrocyte maker glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP; NeuroMab Cat #75–240 1:50, Davis, CA, USA).

Techniques: Expressing, Labeling, Marker, Fluorescence